this lichen was found by my wife during her Iceland holiday. Location was near Selfoss, substrate was lava.
Placopsis gelida is a crustose lichen, characterized by pale orange cephalodia in the center of the thallus. Cephalodia contain a second photobiont, in this case the cyanobacterium Stigonema. The other photobiont, situated in the lobes, is a coccoid green algae.
Closeup thallus:

Section cephalodium:

Section lobe, LCB stain:

Section cephalodium, darkfield:

Section cephalodium, polarized light:
